● 编程语言历史 |编程语言演变历史
《BYTE》：A Brief History of Programming Languages
We’ve come a long way from computers programmed with wires and punch cards. Maybe not as far as some would like, though. Here are the innovations in programming.
ca. 1946
Konrad Zuse , a German engineer working alone while hiding out in the Bavarian Alps, develops Plankalkul. He applies the language to, among other things, chess.
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1949
Short Code , the first computer language actually used on an electronic computing device, appears. It is, however, a "hand-compiled" language.
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1951
Grace Hopper , working for Remington Rand, begins design work on the first widely known compiler, named A-0. When the language is released by Rand in 1957, it is called MATH-MATIC.
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1952
Alick E. Glennie , in his spare time at the University of Manchester, devises a programming system called AUTOCODE, a rudimentary compiler.
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1957
FORTRAN --mathematical FORmula TRANslating system--appears. Heading the team is John Backus, who goes on to contribute to the development of ALGOL and the well-known syntax-specification system known as BNF.
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1958
FORTRAN II appears, able to handle subroutines and links to assembly language. John McCarthy at M.I.T. begins work on LISP--LISt Processing.
The original specification for ALGOL appears. The specific ation does not describe how data will be input or output; that is left to the individual implementations.
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1959
LISP 1.5 appears. COBOL is created by the Conference on Data Systems and Languages (CODASYL).
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1960
ALGOL 60 , the first block-structured language, appears. This is the root of the family tree that will ultimately produce the likes of Pascal. ALGOL goes on to become the most popular language in Europe in the mid- to late-1960s.
Sometime in the early 1960s , Kenneth Iverson begins work on the language that will become APL--A Programming Language. It uses a specialized character set that, for proper use, requires APL-compatible I/O devices.
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1962
APL is documented in Iverson’s book, A Pro gramming Language .
FORTRAN IV appears.
Work begins on the sure-fire winner of the "clever acronym" award, SNOBOL--StriNg-Oriented symBOlic Language. It will spawn other clever acronyms: FASBOL, a SNOBOL compiler (in 1971), and SPITBOL--SPeedy ImplemenTation of snoBOL--also in 1971.
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1963
ALGOL 60 is revised.
Work begins on PL/1.
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1964
APL\360 is implemented.
At Dartmouth University , professors John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz invent BASIC. The first implementation is a compiler. The first BASIC program runs at about 4:00 a.m. on May 1, 1964.
PL/1 is released.
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1965
SNOBOL3 appears.
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1966
FORTRAN 66 appears.
LISP 2 appears.
Work begins on LOGO at Bolt, Beranek, & Newman. The team is headed by Wally Fuerzeig and includes Seymour Papert. LOGO is best known for its "turtle graphics."
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1967
SNOBOL4 , a much-enhanced SNOBOL, appears.
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1968
ALGOL 68 , a monster compared to ALGOL 60, appears. Some members of the specifications committee--including C.A.R. Hoare and Niklaus Wirth--protest its approval. ALGOL 68 proves difficult to implement.
ALTRAN , a FORTRAN variant, appears.
COBOL is officially defined by ANSI.
Niklaus Wirth begins work on Pascal.
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1969
500 people attend an APL conference at IBM’s headquarters in Armonk, New York. The demands for APL’s distribution are so great that the event is later referred to as "The March on Armonk."
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1970
Sometime in the early 1970s , Charles Moore writes the first significant programs in his new language, Forth.
Work on Prolog begins about this time.
Also sometime in the early 1970s , work on Smalltalk begins at Xerox PARC, led by Alan Kay. Early versions will include Smalltalk-72, Smalltalk-74, and Smalltalk-76.
An implementation of Pascal appears on a CDC 6000-series computer.
Icon , a descendant of SNOBOL4, appears.
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1972
The manuscript for Konrad Zuse’s Plankalkul (see 1946) is finally published.
Denni s Ritchie produces C. The definitive reference manual for it will not appear until 1974.
The first implementation of Prolog -- by Alain Colmerauer and Phillip Roussel -- appears.
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1974
Another ANSI specification for COBOL appears.
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1975
Tiny BASIC by Bob Albrecht and Dennis Allison (implementation by Dick Whipple and John Arnold) runs on a microcomputer in 2 KB of RAM. A 4-KB machine is sizable, which left 2 KB available for the program.
Bill Gates and Paul Allen write a version of BASIC that they sell to MITS (Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems) on a per-copy royalty basis. MITS is producing the Altair, an 8080-based microcomputer.
Scheme , a LISP dialect by G.L. Steele and G.J. Sussman, appears.
Pascal User Manual and Report , by Jensen and Wirth, is published. Still considered by many to be the definitive reference on Pascal.
B.W. Kerninghan describes RATFOR--RATional FORTRAN. It is a preprocessor that allows C-like control structures in FORTRAN. RATFOR is used in Kernighan and Plauger’s "Software Tools," which appears in 1976.
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1976
Design System Language , considered to be a forerunner of PostScript, appears.
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1977
The ANSI standard for MUMPS -- Massachusetts General Hospital Utility Multi-Programming System -- appears. Used originally to handle medical records, MUMPS recognizes only a string data-type. Later renamed M.
The design competition that will produce Ada begins. Honeywell Bull’s team, led by Jean Ichbiah, will win the competition.
Kim Harris and others set up FIG, the FORTH interest group. They develop FIG-FORTH, which they sell for around $20.
Sometime in the late 1970s , Kenneth Bowles produces UCSD Pascal, which makes Pascal available on PDP-11 and Z80-based computers.
Niklaus Wirth begins work on Modula, forerunner of Modula-2 and successor to Pascal.
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1978
AWK -- a text-processing language named after the designers, Aho, Weinberger, and Kernighan -- appears.
The ANSI standard for FORTRAN 77 appears.
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1980
Smalltalk-80 appears.
Modula-2 appears.
Franz LISP appears.
Bjarne Stroustrup develops a set of languages -- collectively referred to as "C With Classes" -- that serve as the breeding ground for C++.
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1981
Effort begins on a common dialect of LISP, referred to as Common LISP.
Japan begins the Fifth Generation Computer System project. The primary language is Prolog.
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1982
ISO Pascal appears.
PostScript appears.
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1983
Smalltalk-80: The Language and Its Implementation by Goldberg et al is published.
Ada appears . Its name comes from Lady Augusta Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace and daughter of the English poet Byron. She has been called the first computer programmer because of her work on Charles Babbage’s analytical engine. In 1983, the Department of Defense directs that all new "mission-critical" applications be written in Ada.
In late 1983 and early 1984, Microsoft and Digital Research both release the first C compilers for microcomputers.
In July , the first implementation of C++ appears. The name is coined by Rick Mascitti.
In November , Borland’s Turbo Pascal hits the scene like a nuclear blast, thanks to an advertisement in BYTE magazine.
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1984
A reference manual for APL2 appears. APL2 is an extension of APL that permits nested arrays.
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1985
Forth controls the submersible sled that locates the wreck of the Titanic.
Vanilla SNOBOL4 for microcomputers is released.
Methods , a line-oriented Smalltalk for PCs, is introduced.
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1986
Smalltalk/V appears--the first widely av ailable version of Smalltalk for microcomputers.
Apple releases Object Pascal for the Mac.
Borland releases Turbo Prolog.
Charles Duff releases Actor, an object-oriented language for developing Microsoft Windows applications.
Eiffel , another object-oriented language, appears.
C++ appears.
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1987
Turbo Pascal version 4.0 is released.
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1988
The specification for CLOS -- Common LISP Object System -- is published.
Niklaus Wirth finishes Oberon, his follow-up to Modula-2.
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1989
The ANSI C specification is published.
C++ 2.0 arrives in the form of a draft reference manu al. The 2.0 version adds features such as multiple inheritance and pointers to members.
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1990
C++ 2.1 , detailed in Annotated C++ Reference Manual by B. Stroustrup et al, is published. This adds templates and exception-handling features.
FORTRAN 90 includes such new elements as case statements and derived types.
Kenneth Iverson and Roger Hui present J at the APL90 conference.
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1991
Visual Basic wins BYTE’s Best of Show award at Spring COMDEX.
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1992
Dylan -- named for Dylan Thomas -- an object-oriented language resembling Scheme, is released by Apple.
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1993
ANSI releases the X3J4.1 technical report -- the first-draft proposal for (gulp) object-oriented COBOL. The standard is expected to be finalized in 1997.
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1994
Microsoft incorporates Visual Basic for Applications into Excel.
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1995
In February , ISO accepts the 1995 revision of the Ada language. Called Ada 95, it includes OOP features and support for real-time systems.
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1996
Anticipated release of first ANSI C++ standard .
Timeline of programming languages
This is a chronological list of programming languages.
See also Alphabetical list, Categorical list, and Generational list; Programming language, Computing timeline, and History of computing.
Table of contents
1 pre 1950
2 1950
3 1960
4 1970
5 1980
6 1990
7 2000
pre 1950
Predecessor(s) YEAR PRODUCT -- Developer, Company
* 1840~ FIRST PROGRAM -- Lovelace
* 1945 Plankalkül -- Zuse
1950
* 1952 A-0 -- Hopper
1954 Mark I Autocode -- Brooker
A-0 1954 ARITH-MATIC -- Hopper
A-0 1955 MATH-MATIC -- Hopper
A-0 1955 FLOW-MATIC -- Hopper
A-0 1955 FORTRAN -- Backus
1956 Information Processing Language -- Newell, Shaw, Simon
FLOW-MATIC 1957 COMTRAN -- Bemer
FORTRAN 1958 FORTRAN II -- Backus
FORTRAN 1958 Algol 58
* 1959 LISP McCarthy
1960
FLOW-MATIC COMTRAN 1960 COBOL The Codasyl Committee
ALGOL 1960 Algol 60
ALGOL 1960 JOSS
FORTRAN II 1962 FORTRAN IV
* 1962 APL -- Iverson
ALGOL60 1962 Simula
FORTRAN II 1962 SNOBOL -- Griswold, et al.
ALGOL60 1963 CPL -- Barron, Strachey, et al.
SNOBOL 1962 SNOBOL3 -- Griswold, et al.
CPL LISP 1964 COWSEL Burstall, Popplestone
ALGOL60 1964 /A> IBM team
FORTRAN II, JOSS 1964 BASIC -- Kemeny and Kurtz
FORTRAN II 1966 FORTRAN IV
LISP 1966 ISWIM Landin
ALGOL60 1966 CORAL66 Real Time version of Algol 60
CPL 1967 BCPL -- Richards
Fortran LISP 1967 MUMPS -- Massachusetts General Hospital
Simula 1967 Simula67
SNOBOL3 1967 SNOBOL4 -- Griswold, et al.
Algol60 1968 ALGOL 68 -- Wijngaarten, et al.
COWSEL 1968 POP-1 -- Burstall, Popplestone
1968 Forth -- Moore (first paper, 1970)
Lisp 1968 Logo -- Papert
1970
POP-1 1970 POP-2
ALGOL60 1971 Pascal -- Wirth, Jensen
Simula67 1972 Smalltalk Environment -- Smalltalk--Digitalk
B BCPL 1972 C -- Ritchie
* 1973 PROLOG -- Colmeraurer
BASIC 1973 COMAL
LISP 1975 Scheme -- Sussman, Steele
BASIC 1975 Altair BASIC -- Gates, Allen
C FORTRAN 1976 RATFOR -- Kernighan
MUMPS 1977 X11.1 ANSI Standard MUMPS
FORTRAN IV 1978 FORTRAN77
( * 1978 VISICALC -- Bricklin, Frankston)
C SNOBOL 1979 Awk -- Aho, Kernighan
( * 1979 VULCAN DBASE-II -- Ratliff )
Algol68 1979 Green -- Ichbiah et al., US Dept of Defense
1980
C Simula67 1980 C with Classes -- Stroustrup
Simula67 1980 Smalltalk-80 -- Digitalk
Green 1983 Ada -- US Dept of Defense
C with Classes 1983 C++ -- Stroustrup
Pascal 1983 Turbo Pascal -- Hejlsberg
* 1984 Standard ML ML = Meta-Language
1977MUMPS 1985 1984 MUMPS
( dBase 1984 CLIPPER -- Nantucket )
( dBase 1985 PARADOX -- Borland )
Simula67 1986 Eiffel -- Meyer
( * 1987 HyperCard -- Apple )
( * 1987 SQL-1 )
Awk 1987 Perl -- Wall
MATLAB 1988 Octave
dBase-III 1988 dBaseIV
Awk Lisp 1988 Tcl -- Ousterhout
Turbo-Pascal 1989 Turbo-Pascal+OOP -- Borland
C 1989 Standard C -- ANSI X3.159-1989 (adopted by ISO in 1990)
Pascal Modula-II 1989 OBERON -- Wirth
1990
1990 Haskell
1984MUMPS 1990 1990 MUMPS
1991 Python -- van Rossum
1991 Q
( SQL-1 1992 SQL-2 )
Turbo-Pascal OOP 1992 Borland Pascal
1993 Brainfuck -- Mueller
Perl Smalltalk 1993 Ruby
1993 Lua
Ada 83 1995 Ada 95 -- ISO
Borland Pascal 1995 Delphi(1) -- Borland
C++ Internet OOP 1995 Java -- Sun Microsystems
1990MUMPS 1995 1995 MUMPS
Standard ML,84 1997 SML’97
PHP 3 1997 PHP
C++ 1998 C++98 -- ANS/ISO Standard C++
2000 Joy -- von Thun
C C++ COM Java 2000 C# -- Microsoft
DELPHI(5) 2001 KYLIX -- Borland
Whitespace 2003 Whitespace -- Brady and Morris
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Things with unknown or questionable dates:
* 197? sh (Bourne Shell) -- Bourne
sh 19?? ksh (Korn Shell) -- Korn
ksh 199? zsh (Z Shell)
HyperCard 199? AppleScript -- Apple
* 1990 Self -- Sun Microsystems Inc
Self Java 199? LiveScript -- Brendan Eich, Netscape (Self inspired, made for Java interactions)
LiveScript 1995 javascript -- Netscape
javascript 1997 ECMAScript -- ECMA TC39-TG1
